Harvard Case : BMW of North America: Dream it. Build it. Drive it. Essay

Brief Description: Set in 2011, this case describes how BMW, the leading luxury car manufacturer in the U.S., successfully implemented a new marketing initiative based on its online video services and increased sales of customized vehicles. The case addresses the challenges of catering to the North American consumer, where most car buyers want or have become conditioned towards immediate gratification with their purchases. Main Learning Objectives: To underscore the importance of consumer behavior in strategic planning To illustrate the complexity of strategically managing the supply chain for a modern manufacturing company and the implications effects of ‘mass customization’ on supply (value) chain Preparation & Analysis For Wednesday’s class (10/9/13): 1. Go online, research and take down a few notes on a strategic marketing concept called â€Å"mass customization† for in-class discussion. The process of delivering wide-market goods and services that are modified to satisfy a specific customer need. Is a marketing and manufacturing technique that combines the flexibility and personalization of custom-made with the low unit cost associated with mass production Sometimes called made-to-order or built to order.  Enabling a customer to decide the exact specification of a product or service, and have that product or service supplied to them at a price close to that for an ordinary mass produced alternative. 2. Read the case study. 3. Review the following videos which directly pertain to the case Martha Stewart customizes a BMW X3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ddq6O_QAz0 Understanding Robots – Mass Customization http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJzzPXeDdX8 BMW X3 Ad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpLutmBkyZ4 BMW X3 Build Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VH1gtBYNPOA Individual Assignment: After spending time researching the concept of mass customization,viewing the above videos, and reading the case answerand provide your rationale for each of the following questions in an overall1-2 page brief essay format. 1. Assuming that most modern cars share very similar characteristics, what do customers really buy – a product or an experience? In your opinion, what drives car-buying decisions?  Years after years, the customer’s perceptions towards cars has been changing. People value more on their needs these days than their wants. People started looking for products/vehicles that give more value to them; they want cars for real use not for showing off. I think customers buys products with experience from which they can get value out of it. The car buying decision is not an easy task and would drive various aspects before buying. In my opinion the most important factor is gender. In most cases gender plays a vital role in buying a car. Price can be another important factor that might drive the buying decision. Fuel efficiency, affordable, reliable, effective and efficient are various factors for car buying decisions. 2. Do you think customers really need â€Å"millions of combinations† for their car? Can they be happy with available standard options? What are the upsides and downsides of mass customization from both the consumer and manufacturer’s perspective? It depends on the customer needs that if they really need â€Å"millions of combinations† for their car or not. Most of the customers are happy with the standard options but if we dig little deeper, not all the features available  in the standard versions are important or useful for a particular customer and what they want may not be in the specific model. In my opinion, that is the main reason mass customization is being used by various car companies to carter the specific needs of their customers. Mass customization is the process of delivering products that are modified to satisfy a specific customer needs. This enables a customer to decide the exact specification of a product or services. Mass customization allowed manufacturers to customize products at lower costs, reduced overheads, and produced higher margins. For customers, they get benefited of finding exactly what they wanted without paying a premium price. The downside of mass customization from manufacturer’s perspectives are the major operational challenges faced in supply chain to manage the supply, maintain lead time and maintain various parts and products within a very little timeframe. The downside of mass customization from the customer’s perspectives is they won’t be able to compare and contrast the product with the competitors and sometime the price might be high with certain customizations. With various choices and lack of expertise some customers might chose unwanted and unnecessary par ts for the product. 3. Put yourself in Josef Weirda’s shoes. What would your decision be regarding using video streaming technology for other models such as the X5 or X1? In effect, would you apply a similar â€Å"Dream It. Build It. Drive It.† program for the launch of the X4 in 2014? What is the basis for your decision? â€Å"Dream It. Build It. Drive It.† was a success for X3 models. My decision for streaming technology for other models will be yes. This is because of the success factors the X3 models received, and almost 50% of the customers enrolled in it, accessed and shared the video. I think it is a better value for customers to see how their customized vehicle has been manufactured and be more in touch with it before it actually gets delivered. Based on the success result and the stats available from X3, I will apply a similar â€Å"Dream It. Build It. Drive It.† program for the launch of the X4 and  do aggressive marketing like it was done for X3. But will not only stick with this mass customization, I will also encourage for the standard models at the dealers. Customization can be one of the features for those customers who want to customize their cars. I think with the success of the X3, the customer will try to see some kind of similar features in the new launch and also this will give more value to the vehicle. Based on the numbers and records from the case, for now the mass customization concept should be based on US market only.

Alexander II and Reform

Alexander II was known as a reforming czar. Was he primarily a reformer? Alexander II executed many reforms during his time in power but did he reform for the sake of reforming? In the essay I will conclude whether or not Alexander had objectives in which reforming only partook as a secondary effect, and if so, what â€Å"was† he primarily? From a political point of view the landlords most likely opposed the peasant liberation reform in 1861 (Berghorn, 2009) which affected the Russian countryside. The landlords felt that they were being robbed of their property, the serfs. These were awarded full citizenship. (Lovett, 2003) This might have made Alexander II less willing to reform. However many of the serfs couldn’t leave the land they previously were bound to and so their freedom only existed legally as many remained, bound, to their landlords. (Lovett, 2003) This was as such a good solution to Alexander II as it inspired faith in some peasants that reforms were coming whilst sending a message to the landlords that their authority wasn’t threatened. From a military point of view Alexander had seen Russia take heavy casualties in the Crimean war and as he feared Europe’s more militarily advanced countries gaining influence he started in 1857 to execute the army and naval reforms. (Troyat, 1992) (Lovett, 2003) This should therefore have been a very appealing option to Alexander II as he could claim the reforms in his own name and at the same time preserve his power. From an economic point of view the Russian Empire was outdated. In order for Russia under Alexander II to play an important role as an economic power they had to industrialize. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia) The emancipation reform could certainly have been an attempt to as well as pleasing the serfs demanding freedom trigger a movement of urbanization and increased factory production. In that sense the emancipation reform could have served yet another cause of trying to westernize and making it seem like Alexander was a man trying to please his people. From an ideological point of view the theses of Alexander reforming secondarily is supported by the fact of some peasants and middle-class citizens adopting the socialist ideas of Karl Marx. This ideological standpoint was dangerous to Alexander II as it included an overthrow of the czar’s power. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx) Another ideological group dangerous to Alexander was the nihilists who later on came to practice terrorism which threatened his life. (Radzinskij, 2008) Contradicting the reasons to reform was the orthodox Christian church that could not agree to these reforms and had given him his power combined with his upbringing which had taught him to preserve royal power as a primary initiative. From a social point of view czar Alexander might have reformed as a reaction to his father’s harsh policies imposed on the people as this was arguably a reason the pressured situation had emerged. An example of this would be the educational reform. (Lovett, 2003) Alexander also introduced a judicial reform based in the French system which greatly simplified criminal matter and rendered the different parties involved in a judiciary process more equal. (Troyat, 1992) The latter reform should reasonably have upped Alexander standings with many groups and fulfilled the cause of making him seem like a reformer in order to soothe radical group such as the nihilists mentioned above.

Fast Food Restaurant Description

Scene in a Fast Food Restaurant. I push through the crowds of young people hovering outside the automatic doors of Burger King, kicking the empty paper cups and bags out of my way. Stepping inside, the first thing that hits me is the sound. It crashes over me, engulfing me, drawing me in. I step closer, into the midst of it. To my left sit a young couple, anxiously feeding their toddler chicken nuggets dipped in tomato sauce. The two year old cries and whines, putting his hand up to his mouth as if to say ‘no, no more. ’ The group of young people to my right are laughing, shouting and flirting.One of the boys has stolen a girl’s milkshake and she leans across her friends, giggling happily, to try and snatch it back. I can hear the radio playing faintly. The newest, noisiest dance track struggles to be heard in the room full of people, resembling a school canteen. As I make my way upstairs I pass a smartly dressed businessman, holding a brown bag containing a burge r, and his other hand to hold his drink. He has his mobile phone trapped between his ear and his shoulder and he jabbers away to his colleague about ‘redundancies’.An elderly woman, accompanied by two young, brightly dressed grandchildren, frowns at the man as she makes her way past, children in tow. The smell of the greasy, fatty burgers is overpowering now, and I can hardly breathe for the stench if freshly cooked French fries. They coat the floor, like a three-inch carpet, soft underfoot. I wonder why these restaurants even bother installing bins – nobody seems inclined to use them. Spotting no empty tables, I make my way back downstairs to order my food. I overtake the queue if people waiting for ‘veggie-burgers’ and order large fries and a chocolate milkshake.The young girl who serves me can’t be much older than myself, yet she looks older, more tired, world-weary. Her shoulder length hair hangs limp and greasy under her baseball cap, and her red t-shirt is stained with fat and fizzy drinks. The woman next to me has dropped her tray, and someone with a mop rushes to clean up the split cola, before anyone has a chance to fall in it. I smell the air, take a French fry out of the packet, pop it in my mouth and sigh. It tastes like grease, unhealthy and fattening. Looking around me, I decide to find a bench outside and, licking my lips in anticipation of my milkshake, I go in search of one.

Presentation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation - Assignment Example The main aim of using the television is because it had a wide audience, and the retailing giants could reach as many customers as possible. Ziobro (3) identifies Wal-Mart, Target Corp as the highest advertising spenders. For example, Wal-Mart managed to spend approximately 57 million dollars on television advertising. Home Depot and Sears spent less on advertisements. Ziobro (2) denotes that Sears Holdings only spent 26 million dollars on television advertising. Ziobro (1) denotes that these figures are reliable because an advertising tracking company carried out the survey, to find out how much retailing organizations spent on advertisements during the Black Friday. The advertising company under consideration is Kantar Media. In coming up with the Data, Kantar Media managed to calculate the advertising fees a retailing unit spent for purposes of making people buy into their company. Ziobro (3) denotes that the only limitation with the methodology used to collect data is that information does not reflect how much people spent in the retailing units. It only identifies the number of visitors to a retailing unit, based on the advertisement under consideration. From this research, Ziobro (5) denotes that Wal-Mart was able to attract the highest number of visitors to its stores. This is as compared to its rival company, Target Corporation. Wal- Mart was able to attract a higher number of visitors to its retailing units as opposed to Target Corporation because in every two Wal-Mart TV ads, Target Corp had only 1. On this note, during the Black Friday Weekend, Wal-Mart was able to gather 34% of visitors, as opposed to Target Group which had on 12% of visitors. Sears, who spent less on advertisements managed to acquire only 1.9% of visitors to its stores (Ziobro, 5). Ziobro (6) goes on to denote that there are other factors that made these stores to have the number of

Fair and Equitable Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fair and Equitable Compensation - Essay Example â€Å"Fair and Equitable Treatment† is a standard originated from the 1948 Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization. It provided that foreign investments should be given just and equitable treatment through the promotion of bilateral or multilateral agreements on certain measures and in the treatment for an enterprise, skill, capital, arts and technology coming from a member country to another (Yannaca-Small, C., n.d). Today, the definition of the treatment is not as far from its instigation when applied to the standard in the workplace. Simply put, it is a standard that makes sure every establishment should facilitate an equal distribution of skills, arts, technology with regard to the need of an employee to be able to do a job well. Also, it determines the right of each company to determine just terms of admission and ownership of investment or compensation for every employee. A personal consideration of fair and equitable compensation could be seen in two pers pectives- the employer’s and the employee’s. A part of its provisions for employees would be to grant them at least a minimum wage which is set by a state’s government. This depends on the type and level of job one is hired to do. Also, it entitles an employee to have a chance to advance in their chosen position through job evaluation done by one’s direct boss, to know whether they are performing under or over the expectations of a certain job description. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) also sets the criteria for an employee’s benefit of getting an overtime pay. The only exemption to this would be a modified employee’s salary level based on the nature of work done that should be stated in the contract signed by the employee (Compensation and Benefits Policy, n.d.). This holds that full-time employees should receive extra payment for work done outside office hours while non-regular employees do not receive an overtime pay. Salary apprais al is another thing that is included in the fair and equitable compensation for employees. This should be done through annual performance review to regulate whether a certain employee should be considered an asset that lawfully deserves to be rewarded. Benefits, aside from salary appraisal should be granted for regular employees such as life insurance, accident insurance, flexible spending accounts, dependent care assistance, sick leaves, vacation leaves, bereavement leaves and etc, depending on the company (Compensation and Benefits Policy, n.d.). On the other hand, as fair and equitable compensation protects the rights of employees, it also provides guidelines of employers’ rights to be compensated justly, though not monetarily but through a measure of service and integrity. Some of which would be the right to demand for the agreed services expected from an employee at a certain time range per day, to call employee’s attention and push them to perform under their aut hority. Another would be to demand and at the same time punish an employee through expulsion or dismissal for disobedience to carry out work instructions and company rules, inability to display good behavior in the workplace, inconsistency, lack of loyalty and integrity, disclosure of confidential documents, theft of company property and etc (Employee & Employer Rights | Most Recent Publications, n.d.). Indeed, both parties deserve to have rights that are

Trap ease america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trap ease america - Essay Example More men might be willing to use the cheap traps that are dangerous when loading, but after a single bad experience any men will automatically switch to a product such as Trap Ease. A target market that was not mentioned by the firm is the Asian marketplace. In Asia rats are used as a source of food. They consider rat meat a delicacy. The Trap Ease offers a more effective way to trap rats. The added cost will of the product are easier to absorb when a customer is going to make money by capturing the rat. The marketing mix can be defined as a set of marketing tools the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market (Kotler). The first issue with the marketing mix of the company is that the target market is not wide enough. Making women the target market is eliminating half the potential clients in the marketplace. The location variable is another problem. The amount of distribution channels for the product is not wide enough. The price for the product is reasonable at $2.49 retail, but if the company could lower the retail price of the product to $1.99 the demand of the product would go up a lot. The firm is not using any promotional tools effectively to educate the masses about the existence of the product and its advantages. The company should utilize a better product strategy. It would be wise to highlight the features of the trap in an advertising campaign. An improve packaging can make the product more appealing in the shelves of stores. Offering a greater variety of colors for the traps can help increase interest in the product and as a consequence its demand will go

Starbucks Marketing Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Starbucks Marketing Report - Essay Example As the discussion declares Starbucks has successfully entered in several potential international market places with proper realization and understanding of the impact of external environment factors on the business practices. In order to reveal the impact of several external environment factors on the business operation of Starbucks in global market, a PESTLE analysis has been undertaken. This paper stresses that the political stability of a country is very much important for a global business organization in order to run the business successfully. It has evidenced that; the organization has chosen every single international market place after understanding and examining the political stability of each and every specific country. Moreover, the organization has effectively followed specific industry regulations and rules in every foreign country apart from USA in order to avoid the international political business threat. It has evidenced that, Strabucks has maintained high-level relationship with the government of every business operation and coffee beans producing country. The European financial crisis in 2008-09 and global recession in 2007-08 has affected the global economy drastically. The condition of global economy has suffered from several reasons, such as high taxation level, reduced consumer buying power, low exchange rate of currency in global market place, economic slowdown of several developed and developing country and low disposable income of middle class people. However, several developing countries, such as BRICK Countries has not affected much from the affects of Recession and Financial crisis due to sufficient natural resources and highly controlled administration. Presently, the global economy is recovering from the effect of these economic downturns. The local economic situation and environment within each operation country is shifting towards growth. Therefore, the business output of strabucks is gradually increasing. Social It is becoming global trend to have the taste of coffee in a coffee chain. Moreover, the changing of family patterns in UK, USA and Asian countries have influenced the buyers to consume high quality coffee. Due to high customer preference, the organization is effectively doing their business practices.

Online social entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online social entrepreneurship - Essay Example Eden project currently employs 650 people and offers 300 people the opportunity to volunteer for them. The Eden project works as a social enterprise as all the profits made are re-invested back into the project. The project itself works on behalf of a trust by Eden Project Limited; this trust is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Eden trust. The Eden project is also a registered charity in the UK (number 1093070). The largest funds which helped built the project came through The Millennium Commission which raised over  £56 million adding on the EU and Southwest Regional Development Agency also raised approximately  £50 million between them. In the financial year 2012-2013 notable companies like Rio Tinto, MasterCard and EDF Energy helped donate funds that financed the Edens projects short-term and long-term costs. The project has helped build the local economy by contributing over  £1 Billion since 2001. The overall cost of building the Eden project is  £140 million. After a lot of consideration as a group we decided to work on the Eden Project mainly because most of us had an interest towards the environment and had prior knowledge about different species of plants. We also believed the Eden project was very relevant towards us as the Eden project mainly targets students that want to explore and learn about the environment. Nowadays, social entrepreneurship is becoming more popular. As a matter of fact, many theories have been written about social entrepreneurship and its shared values. Even though there is a wide selection of literature concerning these theories, the aim of this review will be focusing on three areas that appear often in the literature reviewed. The first area will be the nature of social entrepreneurship, then the online part of the social entrepreneurship and the enhancement of the social value throughout different frameworks. However, the literature reviewed

Self Values and Listening Habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self Values and Listening Habits - Essay Example It gave me huge opportunity to reflect on my non verbal communication that significantly impact on relationship building. Eye contact shows that person would be honest in his communication and upright posture would indicate that one is confident that one would be given leverage to give his or point of view of the situation. Listening intently would reassure speaker that I understand viewpoint. Hence rather than looking at pictures and elsewhere, I must make eye contact with people and nod occasionally. A feedback at the end would help to convey my proactive participation in the interaction. I believe that improving non verbal communication would significantly promote relationship building. As a manager, it helped me communicate effectively with the workforce and inculcate an environment of trust and mutual respect. It has given me huge opportunity to improve both as an individual as well as a manager. I am more confident and am better able to exploit the potential of my workers. (246 ) Self values We are all driven by the long term goals and larger mission in our life. It generally comprises of achieving socio-economic security for oneself and one’s family, happiness, a comfortable life and sense of achievement. Our value system helps us in meeting our personal and professional goals and objectives. The three most important values for me are: accountability of action; commitment to people and work; and lastly positive attitude. The self values are critical elements that play vital role in my interaction with the people in the work place. These values have been greatly influenced by my family and highlight integrity, power and authority tempered with empowerment of individuals. I have imbibed them through my association with my family and peers and know that commitment towards other people not only promotes trust but is also key to happiness. Happiness is important as it greatly contributes towards improved productivity. My priorities in life are to become financial secure, have a large family and use my authority for the wider welfare of the people. I try to fulfill the priorities by correlating my values within the broader framework of my professional life as a manager. As a manager, I have achieved financial security for myself. Though I have not yet my own family (meaning children), I believe that as a manager, I have judiciously used my power and authority. Indeed, commitment to organizational goals and welfare of people, have been intrinsic parts of my managerial leadership initiatives. I have developed effective communication skills and positive attitude that helps to motivate workers to be creative and highly productive. Time management has been other key factor which had adversely impacted my performance. I realized that there were three major aspects of work which must be addressed. Minor tasks were ignored, I lacked motivation at the beginning of the work and lastly I used to forget important assignments or meetings. These were very crucial issues which were hindering not only my professional development but also undermining my authority and power as an effective manager. Hence, the thing that I did was to keep a diary where I could jot down all the work that needed to be done. It was a great help because it helped me to streamline my work and significantly reduced mental tension and worry. The diary also helped me to plan my work and schedule work so that I could address all the work/ projects and workplace

The Limitedness of the UN Human Rights Agenda Essay

The Limitedness of the UN Human Rights Agenda - Essay Example For more than sixty years, the UN Commission on Human Rights (CHR) embodied this disappointment. In spite of being the leading UN human rights agency tasked to evaluate human rights actions of its member states and endorsing human rights across the globe, the CHR was reduced into a medium that human rights violators exploited to hinder condemnations of their own actions (Schaefer 2009, p. 139). The poor reputation of CHR intensified over time that previous UN secretary-general Kofi Annan proclaimed, â€Å"We have reached a point at which the Commission’s declining credibility has cast a shadow on the reputation of the United Nations system as a whole, and where piecemeal reforms will not be enough† (Schaefer 2009, p. 132). Thus, in March 2006, the General Assembly made a decision to supplant the CHR with the Human Rights Council (HRC) (DeLaet 2014, p. 138). Unfortunately, during the discussions, numerous core principles and changes that had been suggested to guarantee that the HRC would not replicate the errors of CHR was not able to acquire the needed approval in the General Assembly. In consequence, the HRC has been initially ineffective and weak in upholding and supporting basic human rights—a performance that is not likely to get better by involving the United States in the HRC in 2009 (Goodhart 2013, pp. 68-69). Sadly, even the other UN bodies have been weakened by the limitations that plagued the CHR and keep on overwhelming the HRC—the capacity of countries that do not promote or implement human rights to control or influence the system and susceptibility to political manoeuvring.

To buy or not to buy...that is the Question Essay

To buy or not to buy...that is the Question - Essay Example According to market analysts, forces of abundance refer to a customer’s financial ability to purchase a particular product instead of another or not to purchase at all. Money is the most common determinant of consumer’s decision with regard to buying products (44). Additionally, the issue of taste receives a huge degree of consideration when consumers are purchasing certain products. In this spectrum, it is worthwhile noting that some consumers prefer certain products instead of others and this influences their choice of buying such products even if their prices are too high or the distance involved in acquiring them is long. Furthermore, consumers’ choice of buying products is influential due to lifestyles (58). Some consumers’ styles and standards of living determine the type of products and services to buy. With that respect, some consumers whose living standards are high go for high-class products whose prices are always expensive and consider particular brands of products as important compared to others. In summary, there are many factors ranging from minute to huge factors that influence consumers’ choice of buying certain products and services (71). However, as highlighted in this paper, the most common ones include needs, lifestyles, and financial ability of a

Macro and Micro Environmental Factors Essay Example for Free

Macro and Micro Environmental Factors Essay There are many other products to choose in the soft drink market include Pepsi Co product , the different is those products are cheaper than Gatorade * In order to attract more customers, Gatorade has improved its product quality and spent lots of money on advertising. -Selling products Gatorade mostly is the imported product so most distributor afraid that they can’t sell Gatorade because of Gatorade price * Gatorade has increased the supplier’s commission. -Publics: The customers in the last 1 year with the developing of VN economic has begun to care about their health lately. Many sport center, fitness club, etc†¦ has been opened in the last 15 years. * The big, potential market for energy beverage drink such as Gatorade to grow. As the result, Pepsi has built up many small, convenient store around those places. * Advertising and promoting trough sport events. Gatorade is also focus on McKinsey’s structure include: structure, strategy, and skill, staff, and style, system and share value. + Style: Gatorade is one of the company which have style. It helps Pepsi too adopted to changes so it can reach and fix it quickly. + Strategy: Improve the sport drink market in VN * Improve both product quality and price * Has an production line in VN with cheap resources and good materials but still guarantee the quality. So as to compete, Pepsi has advertised its product a lot and had various surveys to research what their consumer’s needs and produce healthy products are. Macro environment -Political : VN has been the 150th member of WTO so it has attracted many big investors all over the world. The government has supported many enterprises and business investments by changing to the international law, this has led to more active business action which the consumers can approach to the local products and costumers can have more choice within all the global products too. * Pepsi Co considered about importing more Gatorade in each trip to reduce to price and earn more revenue or adding no more product. -Technology: Consumers now mostly pay all the products by credit, master or visa card which allows company to narrow the distance between producer and buyer. gt; It invests not only in one country but open up many branches all over the world and there must be decision whether to use capital for hiring staff, advertising the product, etc†¦. or not Economics environment: The average income of a Vietnamese is affected by inflation and economic ciao. So, the number of selling product s are also decrease. Pepsi has made a decision to having more and more promotion, and held lots of social event to refresh the consumer’s comments about the company to set up a good new one. Environment: The environment issue in VN is becoming more and more serious. This problem is can’t be avoid in developing country. It’s the result of industrialize and modernization. To reduce pollution government has set up a law in order to protect the environment. Even though, Vietnamese’s awareness isn’t as high as other country but the law has been enforced a great punishment to those who pollute the environment. * This make Pepsi spent lots of money in buy new green-facilities , and providing the idea of protecting the nvironment to not only their staff but also their customers. Both help to protect the environment and stil l promote Pepsi good fame. Bargaining Power of Supplier: the soft drink market in VN and foreign isn’t the exclusive market. Bargaining Power of Consumers: * Industries facing powerful buyers: Distributors have the power to negotiate with the company on price, product quality, as well as marketing policy. * Industries facing weak buyers : have little impact on the market, Each buyers will buy the products with different purposes. Some bought to sell, others for political purpose . Numbers of require products is too much for the producer to still keeping it product quality. So that, the pressure is heavy too Threat of entry: Gatorade has many competitors. Competition from substitutes: Gatorade should be change product when customer want and need, also price and quality. Competition between firms: Gatorade have many competitor in Vietnam. Gatorade should always pay attention to your competitors.

Heart of darkness

Heart of darkness One of the central issues that arise from Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness (1899) is the colonialist bias used to misrepresent the African race. Whilst Conrad was not himself accountable for the xenophobic westernised image of Africa, his story maintains the damaging stereotyping of native people. By painting them as bestialised, barbaric, primitive and uncivilised, he explores the black race through the lens of a hegemonic European representation; Conrads uses of myth and metaphor supported the colonial conquest of African people on the colonisers assumption that these people were racially inferior. Nevertheless, Conrad was writing at a time when the historical representation of Africans had always been a discourse of racism. Also, perhaps Conrad failed to appropriately depict Africans because he recognized little of their culture, having primarily spent time with white men during his 6 months at the African Congo. Moreover, by undermining imperial superiority and giving satanic ref erences to the colonisers, one may contend he is similarly insulting towards the Europeans, and that his exaggerated racism seeks to ridicule Europes civilising mission, and expose the ingrained racist ideals of Victorian imperialists. Marlow, the central protagonist and narrator of Heart of Darkness, expresses old racist prejudices against the Africans: They howled and leaped, and spun, and made horrid faces, but what thrilled you was the thought of their humanity like yoursUgly. Not only does he deny the Africans a distinction of a name, he also rids them of normal human behaviour. Marlow belittles them with derogatory language, stressing that they mimic animalistic behaviour and have no methods of speech outside of violent babble and crude grunts. According to Chinua Achebe, these representations call the very humanity of black people into question. On the matter of communication, it is noteworthy that a small amount of English syllables are placed into the mouths of one or two Congolese Africans. It is in submitting to the hegemonic language of the coloniser that Conrad replaces native culture with his own, which he considers superior. It is this supposition of an advanced humanity which leads Achebe to brand Conrad a through-going racist. Nonetheless, it can be argued that Marlow is a product of a fairly racist era in history; a period in which racist discourses remained structured by Empire to legitimize its political ideology of suppression over the Africans. Like his contemporaries, Conrad is writing at a time where it was acceptable to view Africans as the other, and by overusing the words savage and nigger, he conforms to the racist sentiments of the day. Consequently, his story which was published in the Blackwood magazine, targets the conservative politics of the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, Conrad mentions in his authors note that his over exaggeration of the savage image had the purpose of bringing it home to the minds and bosoms of the reader. This admittance of a distorted characteristic account of the natives may explain his savage depiction of them. He also uses these images to make the setting realistic, accentuating the novels grave themes of darkness, and fear of the unknown. Being a victim of his time, Conrads portrayals of the African race also conform to the evolutionary trope of Charles Darwins theory of evolution. By painting Africans as the prehistoric man, and portraying Marlows voyage upriver as travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, Conrad integrates the temporal evolutionary trope in Heart of Darkness; he suggests that Europeans are at a more superior position, since the Africans have not yet emerged from prehistory. His repeated animalistic images of the natives place Africans at the low end of the scale: one of the creatures rose to his hands and knees and went off on all fours towards the river to drink. Linking in with Darwinism science, Conrad reduces the Africans into a subspecies between apes and Caucasians. The African here is represented as a modern ancestor, an animal, a barely human body without intelligence. Consequently, he views the Africans as prehistoric evils in desperate need of European influence and evolutio n; an outlook which reaffirms him as the personification of colonialism. Darwins views which had become entrenched in society are used here by Marlow to provide the principal ideological support for imperialism. Suggests that Europeans are at a more superior position, as opposed to the Africans since the latter has not yet emerged from prehistory Though truthful, Marlow is a prejudiced man; he is the personification of colonialism. Going into the Congo, Marlow views the natives as prehistoric evils in desperate need of white influence and civilization. Throughout the physical journey, Marlow is confronted with the natives time and time again, seeing them chained as slaves, living in a village and attacking his own steam boat. Marlow holds fast his prejudiced view of the natives, referring to them as savages or calling them by more derogatory terms such as niggers. Through his exploration, he questions the humanity of Africans. According to him this deliberate stylistic obfuscation merely aided to satisfy the racial sentiments of the day, and Conrad was only acting as the purveyor of comforting myths Counter argue that he was a polish writer who had to show his mettle with the English language However, in his authors note he writes how over exaggeration is used. Sombre theme given sinister resonance perhaps explains the extreme savage image. It can also be said Much of his animalistic language of the black race conforms to the evolutionary trope of Charles Darwin whose views became entrenched in society. African on all fours like ants. So for someone, who had little contact, he makes use of these derogatory stereotypes, and it can be said that he relies on these preconceived ideas and western baggage since they dominate his descriptions. Maintains, and justifies imperialism, and although he witnesses the horror of colonialism and suppression of the Africans, it is interesting to note his approval of efficient imperialist activity. However, his constant questioning of imperialist values, and the sham of it all, reveal his anti essentialist views. slightly flatter noses. This acknowledges that the black race is more or less equal to whites, barring a few inconsequential physical attributes. Kurtz on the other hand shows no remorse whatsoever. He holds the absolute essential view to exterminate all the blacks. He holds the ideology of making the black race extinct. Hes a ruthless ivory trader, and arranges for the dead heads to displayed on poles. The white race use crude violence, and brute force. Very occasionally the natives show resistance, but their left largely helpless against the overpowering military control of the Europeans. They have no authority or voice. The colonists have become corrupted. They are blinded by the notion that this is their sacred duty to uphold the superiority of the colonial empire and white heritage. Through Marlow disapproval, he shows and exposes the Europeans, is equally deameaning, offensive, and undermines their superiority. flabby white devils.. Critiques immoral European behaviour. Transcends such prejudice, shows him to rise above racism. Ridicules benevolent project of civilisation. Uses an ambivalent tone to show the violent colonial enterprise. Kurtz the ultimate satanic, racist. Has the heart of darkness. However if he is showing Africa to be the reason for the deterioration of the European mans morale, it merely becomes a backdrop which eliminates the African as human factor. They have become marginalised. This marginalisation shows further through Kurtz mistress. He is racist towards her, but not so to his white woman. 333 But its interesting, that Marlow does approve of efficient colonialism. Puts in a section of Brtish colonialism. It is almost with this preconceived mindset that Marlow almost succumbs to this same worst impulsive violent mindset (look at thinking lit answer bold). Going further into self discovery and realises his own heart of darkness. Paints Africa as the heart of darkness, suggesting that its wilderness and wild inhabitants drive the Europeans to insanity and violence. Takes this stance to almost show how the Dark Continent is responsible for his behaviour, thus showing it to be the cause of Kurtzs insanity. Almost blaming Africans that they hold out temptations. His racist sentiments continue throughout. However, unlike the other colonists, Marlow does show some sympathy and admiration towards the natives; a viewpoint, emphasising his forward thinking mindset. Upon his very first encounter, he praises there vitality, muscles and seems entirely at peace with them. Gives the dying man a biscuit, and becomes friends with helman. Has a remote kinship with them as opposed to nothing with Europeans. Therefore it can be evaluated that he is just brainwashed by the politics of the time, but his contemplative nature, allows him to see through the cracks, and appreciate the African race. Later descriptions thus allow for readers to see the absurdity of racism. (Cedric Watts) Conclusion Although Marlow shows himself to be concerned with the heart of humankind, and the souls of individuals, the text emerged out of the very centre of racism and imperialism, therefore Marlow can be seen as merely replicating the colonial discourses available to him. Although he criticises the extreme brutal ness of Imperialism, he discourse is grounded in political, economic interest. He simply looks at Africa through a haze of distortions and cheap mystifications. It can be said that Conrad just uses Marlow to confirm and consolidate the wildest fantasies of the African savages to his European readers. However in my opinion his racist exaggeration and imperialist critique, are used to show how absurd racism was.

Meeting Individual Needs in Lessons for Children

Meeting Individual Needs in Lessons for Children Assessment 1 When planning lessons and activities for children we must ensure that all individual needs are met. To be able to do this firstly we need to look at factors which may affect their development or needs. Affecting factors may include stress, disability, illness, birth defects or home environment. It will be the role of the child’s key worker to evaluate individual children and assess their needs and help them overcome or resolve any issues which may be affecting their development or growth. These observations are best done during the child’s free time when they are more relaxed and not feeling pressured. We can learn a lot when a child is doing a task they enjoy or are playing. Once our observations have been made we can use our findings to plan future activities. Individual observations and assessments need to be made for each child as development varies in all children. Activities need to be based on what the child is able to achieve and must not be too hard for them to complete as they will feel pressured and it may affect their confidence. We must also make sure that the activities are not too easy as the child will not feel fully stimulated and may become bored. Using activities based around a child’s likes or interests is a great way to get them interested and engaged. Differentiation must also be used when trying to meet individual needs, including specialist equipment when needed, visual aids, adult interaction and learning aids when conducting a group activity will ensure that all of the children can be included. Using differentiation will also ensure that all children can meet the overall aim of the group task despite this being done in different ways. When planning for individual needs of children we must make sure we include the practice of equal opportunities. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child state ‘All children have the right to have their views and opinions listened to.’ By ensuring we take this into account we can work with the child and plan activities based on things they enjoy and include their own culture or beliefs. The individual schools ‘Equal Opportunities Policy’ must also be read and followed to make sure all children and their families feel included, it will also help the children to refine their own identities. If we follow all of the above plans and ensure that each child is individually assessed then we can make sure that they are reaching all of their goals and aims and are fully happy and stimulated in the tasks that they are undertaking, this will also aid the development and growth of the child both individually and within a group. As well as making sure that all children’s individual needs are met we must also make sure that we are not discriminating against any of our children. Discrimination occurs when an individual or group of children are treated less favourably than others. This may be due to gender, disabilities, faith, race, culture, physical appearance or even social class. If a child does feel discriminated against then this could result in them becoming withdrawn and it may cause development delays. According to the Development Matters in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) ‘ children have a right, spelled out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of a child, to provisions which enable them to develop their personalities, talents and abilities irrespective of ethnicity, culture or religion, home language, family background, learning difficulties, disability or gender.’ (EYFS) There are several ways in which we can make sure that we are including all children in all of our activities and the first step in doing this would be to read through the Equality Act 2010. This act protects children from discrimination right through their school life up to the age of eighteen. The Act states ‘.it is unlawful for a school to discriminate against a pupil or prospective pupil by treating them less favourably’ (Equality Act 2010). This Act replaced nine major Acts of Parliament and almost one hundred sets of regulations. The Act covers all schools in England and Wales and schools managed by Education Authorities in Scotland. Whilst reading through the Act we learn a lot more about how equality can be given in schools and a more defined description as to what counts as equality. As well as making ourselves knowledgeable in this Act there are also several things that we can introduce into the school and classroom setting. Welcome signs in a variety of languages and not just English would be a great idea as it shows before entering the school that all nationalities are welcome. The learning of spoken greetings for different nationalities would also make the school and staff come across as more friendly and approachable. Different cultures and faiths celebrate all different festivals and celebrations throughout the year and by doing entire class projects on these we would not only be benefiting the individual students from the religions but we would also be educating the whole class. The inclusion of toys and games from around the world is another good way to teach about different ways of life. We must also make sure when planning lessons and activities that we include topics which don’t just discuss our own beliefs and preferences as this too would be portrayed as being prejudice to those students whose beliefs were different. According to Albert Bandura ‘behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning.’ (Albert Bandura 1977). Therefore if we as key workers are seen to be showing and exploring new and different cultures and ways of playing then it will also encourage the children to explore these too. The inclusion of disabled children must also be considered when planning and we must make sure that the correct provisions are in place, such as ramps for wheelchair users and items such as large print cards and sheets for those visually impaired children, visual aids and picture cards must also be available for those children with non verbal communication. If we can follow the guidelines which our individual schools have as well as the Equality Act 2010, common sense too, then we should be knowledgeable in the planning of our lessons and activities to ensure all children are included at all times. All activity planning must be done to ensure all of the individual needs of the children are met. To be able to do this correctly we firstly need to look at the ages of the children we are working with. The ages will fall into the categories of, birth – 12 months, 12-24 months, 24-36 months and 36-60 months. Once we have identified the correct age bracket we can think about our activities, whilst we are doing this we must also ensure that we are giving choices to the children as this will help with their decision making and confidence. For the birth-12 month age where the child is not mobile, placing a selection of toys within their reach is the best solution. For 12-24 months when the children are starting to walk and talk we can place different games and tasks around the setting and communicate with them and give them a choice of what they want to do. Again this can be used for the following 2 age brackets but we can expand on it by asking them to choose, unpack and tidy away their own activities as this will stretch them and promote more independence. Whilst we do have these age brackets as a guideline we must remember that children will develop at their own pace and may not always fall into the set guidelines. Therefore we must assess each individual child and ensure that they are given suitable tasks with they will be able to complete either independently or with a little guidance and help. The child must never feel overwhelmed by the task or activity as this will affect their confidence. We could also again use differentiation for this. Communication will form a large part in ensuring individual needs are met as we can speak to the children and ask if they are enjoying what they are doing and also finding out what their likes and dislikes are will help when planning future activities. Using communication to aid our planning will also benefit any disabled children as we will be able to discuss with them ways which they feel we could make activities easier and more enjoyable for them so their individual needs are also met. It is of paramount importance that we fully meet the individual needs of the children so that they can gain further knowledge and skills which will help them grow and develop. Within early year’s settings we must make sure that we promote the children’s physical and emotional well being, there are several ways that this can be done. Firstly we need to look at safety, not just the part of keeping the child safe and away from danger but making them feel safe in their new environment and with being separated from their parents. The child’s key worker will be in charge of this. The key worker will have to build a good and trusting relationship with the child so they feel safe in their care. Working with parents on this would be very beneficial in making the transition and separation easier. Finding out likes and dislikes of a child will also help with getting to know them as individuals and help build up a good relationship. Safety must also cover keeping the child safe within the setting and away from harm. The key worker will need to ensure all age appropriate toys and games are used at all times to reduce problems such as choking hazards. When we look at the physical wellbeing of the early year’s children we must also look at the key worker to child ratio to make sure the child is getting the correct amount of care. Whilst the children are under 24 months we must make sure that the ratio is one key worker to three children, this is due to them having no sense of danger and requiring extra care and watching. As the children get older and more mobile the ratio reduces, at 24-36 months there is only one key worker required for four children, this is because the children are becoming more independent. At 36-60 months the children are much more independent and are aware of danger and hazards. Emotional wellbeing can be promoted in these early years in different ways. One of the biggest things we can do is to allow the child to make choices and decisions for themselves. Using a selection of games and letting them pick their own is a great way to do this, also allowing a choice when it comes to snack time is beneficial as it promotes independence and decision making skills which they will need in later life. We must also give the children the right to say ‘no’ to certain things as this will empower them and enable them to become more resilient individuals. Other ways we can promote the physical and emotional well being of all children include introducing safety lessons and talks. Lessons such as kitchen and bathroom safety are important. Teaching about road safety and ‘stranger danger’ and appropriate and inappropriate ways of touching and talking to each other will also be very beneficial. If we implement and promote all of the above to our early year’s children then they will have a good, strong and solid foundation which will help them greatly in later life. References:- Albert Bandura (1977) Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) (2012) Equality Act (2010) The Children’s Act (1989) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Children

Cynicism in Dorothy Allisons Short Story, This Is Our World :: Our World

Cynicism in Dorothy Allison's Short Story, This Is Our World Is â€Å"The world is meaner than we admit† (Allison 159)? In the short story, â€Å"This Is Our World,† Dorothy Allison asks this question, and her response startled me. I disagree with her way of thinking. Allison says that the world is a cruel, mean place. I think that the cruelty is balanced out with the goodness in the world. I was surprised to read her negative examples of how bad of a place it is that we live in and call â€Å"home.† This story was written with reference to events and occurrences that I have never experienced and things I have never seen. I found it difficult to relate to these events. The minister, the narrator, and her mother walked around the building where the narrator’s mother was to be baptized. Then they looked at the baptismal font. Allison states, â€Å"Watching baptisms in that tank was like watching movies at a drive-in† (155). I was glad to read that the narrator was not the one being baptized, because I feel she did not understand the true significance of the baptism ritual. She spoke of the Jesus painting as being, â€Å"rouged and pale and pout as Elvis Presley† (155). She was also trying not to giggle at the other little boys that were being baptized that day, â€Å"He looked as if he hoped someone would rescue him. It was too much for me. I began to giggle helplessly† (156). The narrator was too young to understand fully what it meant to be baptized. I believe that it is one of the reasons that Allison has such a negative attitude towards life. Maybe she did not agree or understand the meaning of a baptism, or religion as a whole. This could stem from a broken home life and no strong father figure. Although I have been fortunate enough to have a father and mother who love me a great deal, I still think the world can be cruel and mean. But meaner than we think? Every day we hear of some new tragedy that she speaks of, â€Å"the woman who drowned her children, the man who shot first the babies in her arms and then his wife, the teenage boys who led the three-year-old away along the train track, the homeless family recovering from frostbite with their eyes glazed and indifferent while the doctor scowled over their shoulders† (159), but every day we also hear of the good things.

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Sick Kid or Sick Parent?(4) Essay

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Sick Kid or Sick Parent?(4) In relating the details of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP), the initial reaction is usually shock, followed quickly by fascination. The reason for the latter is that the medical community has yet to make up their minds about what exactly MSBP is. The debate: psychiatric disorder v. child abuse. Essentially the arguments for both create a divide between the brain and behavior, though not relating the two. Munchausen Syndrome "is a condition manifest by persons feigning or inducing illness in themselves for no other apparent gain than adopting the sick role and thus exposing themselves to painful and sometimes damaging and disfiguring medical procedures (7)." The name of the syndrome originates from an eighteenth-century Baron, Hiernymous Karl Friedrich von Munchausen, who was a military mercenary widely known for regaling fantastical stories of exploits (6). While the Baron had no psychiatric condition or any further ties with the medical nature of the syndrome, as it is known today, his connection to the syndrome derives from the proven fabrication of all his tales. In 1977, the British journalist Roy Meadow first used the term "Munchausen By Proxy" in an article that named children as the primary victims of the syndrome. At the time, the literature revealed the natural mother of the child to be the perpetrator of induced and at times actual, illness (3). It is important to note that Meadow's intended to apply MSBP to the problem of child abuse and while it is still extensively classified as such in child abuse and medical journals, the boundaries of the syndrome have been stretched with increased prevalence. The popular view of MSBP remains that it is a for... ...l, external experience. Lack of medical data and psychological mapping of the perpetrator causes MSBP to continue and increase in frequency over time. The issue of the proxy further complicates the reality in questioning what is true and what ailments are genuine. Surveillance is the only answer offered right now, but I hope that there will soon be medical aid available for the perpetrators. References This paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be "authoritative" but rather to help others further develop their own explorations. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. Contribute Thoughts | Search Serendip for Other Papers | Serendip Home Page http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/

Interest to be in a nursing profession

Nursing is a unique profession that is vital worldwide. I moved to Australia for a better life and career after having worked as a Registered Nurse in overseas for six years. I had completed studying Diploma of Nursing for three years which included theory and hospital trained nursing. To be registered, as a nurse in Australia Nurses and Midwives Board requires assessing the qualifications of international nurses to ensure that nurses are substantially equivalent to Board approved Australian Nursing qualification. Being supported by my husband and relatives, motivated me to commence my University study and to upgrade my qualification.I would like to make a positive difference in peoples' lives. I have always desired a career that involved personal contact and that's what nursing gives me. It is an opportunity for me to use caring in a holistic manner. As a university student, lots of self-study is required. One challenge will be assignment and a presentation, especially as English is my second language. One of the major challenges during my university study will be the financial problem, such as tuition fees, expenses and textbooks. A further challenge may be having several assignments and readings being due close to one another.One of the economic problems is time management as a university student. Time management involves doing the right thing at the right time. Managing time effortlessly can make the difference between a successful student and one who Is defeated by stress. So, time management and balance is significant within my life. To Improve on time management, creating a timetable, study plan will keep me on track In managing my studies. The overall workload of my course material is least likely to be under my control however, my time management and economic management are factors that I can directly Influence.

PLATE

The protein dissever from 70 per centime chroma of recrystallised ammonium sulphate was found to collect the maximum protein content (19.6 mg/g flower) and hence it was selected for merely studies and is abbreviated as PAF in the present study.4.2.1 Characterization of the selected PAF by Native rogue and SDS PAGE The selected PAF was characterized by column chromatography. This showed a single cap and was further characterized in native PAGE and SDS page. The results are shown in Plate the SDS-PAGE abstract of the ammonium sulphate precipitated protein extract showed 15 different protein flocks with good visibility in CBB R250 staining method (Figure).PLATE image IZATION OF PFPa BY PAGE AND SDS PAGEA Standard Protein MarkersB PAGE C SDS PAGE Each fraction showed a number of major and minor bands indicating several(prenominal) proteins. Of the several bands obtained in 70 per cent saturation of ammonium sulphate, the major band alone was eluted. In order to reclaim come f orward the presence of subunits in this band, it was further subjected to SDS PAGE.The results showed one major protein indicating the absence of subunits. The molecular weight of this protein was found to be 99 KD when compared to the standard molecular markers. 4.3. Fifty per centumage effective panelling of selected protein fraction of genus Plumeria alba The free fundamental scavenging capacity of perfluorocarbon was tested by its ability to decolourize the stable DPPH.The DPPH (2,2 diphenyl -1- picryl hydrazyl) substructure scavenging natural process was carried out using different concentrations of PFC (Figure). The radical scavenging activity was found to be superman dependent. Figure Percentage Free al-Qaida Scavenging Activity of Selected protein fraction of Plumeria alba The protein fraction of Plumeria flower extract showed the dose dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity.From the graph, the 50 percent effective concentrations of these were found to be 28 g a nd 35 g and employ in the further studies. Free radicals and their scavenging systems wanton away important role in the mend of normal and delayed types of wounds. The dose chemical reaction curve of DPPH radical scavenging activity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Ascorbic acid works sampleDPPH RadicalScavenging 9(%) of the extract and standards showed that at the highest concentration (0.5mg ml-1) the scavenging effect of the methanolic extract reached 9.3% (Afolayan et al., 2008). Shyuret al. (2005) also reported that the scavenging activity for free radicals of 1,1diphyryl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) has been widely utilise to assess the antioxidant activity of natural products from plants.The antioxidant activities of the leafy vegetables of India were careful in different systems of assays such as DPPH assay, super oxide radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and lipid peroxidation assay and IC50 determine were calculated ( Dasgupta and De 2007).4.4. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization judgment of conviction of Flight Mass Spectra (MALDI-TOF MS) MALDI-TOF mass spectra were used for the analysis of peptide mass fingerprinting and MS/MS ion search identification of the in-gel trypsin digested protein fragments (Figure 5), selected peptide populace were submitted to Mascot (http//www.matrixscience.com) for SwissProt databases search. There was no conclusive scar in peptide mass fingerprinting, since MS/MS ion search program was selected for further identification.The MS/MS ion search in the NCBIProt database revealed that, WRKY placement factor WRKY24-like isoform X1 Juglans regia (Figure 6-7) with the protein take a leak of 81 (Protein score is 10*Log(P), where P is the probability that the observe match is a random event. Protein gain ground greater than 80 are fundamental (p

Moral psychology Essay

In the head get down lecture I rush try to explain you the concept of Business ethical motive, its enormousness in the organization, and arguments against its implementation. Along with that we did a midget activity so as to bear upon everything readable. In this lecture I sh on the whole chide slightly honorableity and virtuous standards. Points to be covered in this lecture essence and characteristics of chaste philosophy Meaning and origin of clean standards MORALITY What do you actu in completelyy remember by deterrent exampleity? devotion domiciliate be explained in all these ship give the gateal religion dope be delimitate as the standards that an individual or a group has astir(predicate) what is dependable and wrong, or safe and im example. honorable quality or character dearness or wrongness, as of an action the character of being in accord with the principles or standards of right conduct. non imposed from outside, exactly innate and drive out even be unconscious. We lay down a fundamental urge to connect. Ultimately, its our moral qualities that force us to live in persecuteony with the unconscious doing so is the highest carcass of morality. righteousity is individual the morality of a group decreases as its size increases. righteousity is an informal open system applying to all rational souls, governing behavior that affects others, and has the change magnitude of evil or harm as its close. Morality is a complex of concepts and philosophic be lyingfs by which an individual determines whether his or her actions ar right or wrong. Often, these concepts and beliefs atomic number 18 generalize and codified in a burnish or group, and thus serve to range the behavior of its members.Conformity to such code is called morality, and the group may depend on widespread conformity to such codes for its move existence. A moral may refer to a fussy principle, usually as informal and general summary of a moral prin ciple, as applied in a given compassionate situation. Characteristics Of Morality To think that morality is a semipublic system incorporates the essential feature that every iodin who is receptive to moral judgment k flats what kinds of actions it vetos, requires, discourages, emboldens, and suspends. It also guarantees that it is neer irrational to act chastely.It would take substantially more space than is appropriate here to show that defining morality as a public system that applies to all rational persons also results in morality being a world(a) decease to behavior that all rational persons would stupefy forward for governing the behavior of all moral agents. I should make clear that the cite that all rational persons would rank forward this system solitary(prenominal) follows if limitations argon put on the beliefs that rational persons can use and if they argon attempting to reach accordance with similarly limited rational persons.To say that morality is an informal system inwardness that it has no authoritative judges and closing procedures that provide unique answers to all moral questions. When it is fundamental that disagreements be settled, societies use political and legal systems to supplement morality. These formal systems have the means to provide unique answers, yet they do not provide a moral answer to the question. Example An important example of such a moral question is whether, and if so under(a) what conditions, to allow abortion.There is continuing disagreement about this moral question, even though the legal and political system in the unify States has provided fairly clear guidelines about the conditions under which abortion is allowed. Despite this important and contentious issue, morality, like all informal public systems, presupposes overwhelming agreement on nearly moral questions. No one thinks it is morally justified to cheat, deceive, misuse, or kill b arly in order to gain able money to take a fantastic vacation.In the vast majority of moral situations, given agreement on the facts, no one disagrees, but for this very reason, these situations are never discussed. Thus, the overwhelming agreement on most moral matters is often overlooked. The claim that morality governs behavior that affects others is somewhat controversial. whatsoever have claimed that morality governs behavior that affects nevertheless the agent himself/herself. Examples of behavior that suppositiously affects only oneself, often admit taking unskilled drugs, masturbation, and developing ones talents.The lowest characteristic of morality that it has the lessening of evil or harm as its culture is also somewhat controversial. The Utilitarians talk about producing the greatest good as the goal of morality. However they intromit the lessening of harm as essential to producing the greatest good and almost all of their examples involve the avoiding or preventing of harm. The paradigm cases of moral precepts involve rules which prohibit causing harm directly or indirectly, such as rules prohibiting killing, causing pain, deceiving, and prison-breaking promises.Even those precepts that require or encourage positive action, such as fate the needy, are almost always colligate to preventing or relieving harms. Moral Standards Moral standards admit the norms we have about the kinds of actions we believe are morally right and wrong as well as the set we purport on the kinds of objects we believe are morally good and morally bad. Moral norms can usually be expressed as general rules, ie. Always prescribe the truth. Moral values can usually be expressed as statements describing objects or features of objects, ie. honestness is good. Origin Of Moral Standards During childhood moral standards are absorbed from family, friends and various social institutions. Later in life experiences, tuition and intellectual development help a person in forming these standards. Moral Standa rds Vs. Non-Moral Standards Moral standards deal with matters, which can seriously injure or seriously benefit human beings while it is not the case with non-moral standards. Examples of non-moral standards include the standards of etiquette by which we judge manners as good or bad, and the standards we call rightfulness by which we judge legal right and wrong.Moral standards are not make or changed by the decision of spare(a) authoritative bodies and the validity of these standards lies on the enough of the reasons that are taken to support and shrive them. If a person has the moral indebtedness to do something, then the person is supposed to do that even if this conflicts with other non-moral values or self-interest. Moral standards does not survey standards on the basis of the interests of a particular individual or group, but one that goes beyond personal interests to a universal stand point in which everyones interests are impartially counted as equal.Moral standards ar e associated with special emotions and a special vocabulary. If a person tells a lie so as to fulfill a purpose and then afterwards he starts feeling guilty or guilty of his behavior. Points to ponder Till now we have discussed what is ethics, business ethics, morality and moral standards, but students you should always remember that what is right and moral for you may be wrong and dissipated for me or to any other person sitting in the class. In a way we can say that Ethics is a very subjective matter. Ok, tell me one thing that how are you now going to react when you ordain advert a person lying in a pool of blood on the road.Are you going to help him or will avoid him because of the fear of Delhi police force? Hope now you will start using your conscience and will do what you feel is right and there will be no hiccups before taking any action. Overview Morality can be defined as the standards that an individual or a group has about what is right and wrong, or good and evil. Moral standards include the norms we have about the kinds of actions we believe are morally right and wrong as well as the values we stupefy on the kinds of objects we believe are morally good and morally bad.Activity subtend morality. Discuss some characteristics of morality. http//www. slideshare. net/birubiru/morality-and-moral-standards kind norms are group-held beliefs about how members should behave in a given context Sociologists cite norms as informal understandings that govern purchase orders behaviors, while psychologists have pick out a more general definition, recognizing smaller group units, like a team up or an office, may also stick out norms separate or in auxiliary to cultural or societal expectations.

Adapting to Change

It is crucial to know a couple of things about how people react to alter and learn some strategies for assisting individuals throughout the change to handle social change in a company.Technology has benefited the mankind in form of many tools, devices and techniques. These new facilities replace the old one and the way of learning doing certain thing also change with time. Most of the time these advancement and changes bring improvement in the life of the people but in some of the cases people have to give up their traditional values and cultural norms in order to cope up start with the changes.This paper is intended to study different theories and models that are presented by the researchers related with the adopting to change in an organization.Changes could be the hardest to adjust to.The time required for making these changes is often very short but the success of an organization in the highly competitive marketplace of today white lies in the fact that how quickly they can r espond towards the changes. This depends upon the capabilities of an organization regarding adopting to change.It is very importance to comparative study that what is the importance of adopting to change in an organization because it is one of the most important issues for the business organization now several days and the complete understanding of this issue is essential for individuals as well as organization so that they can manage how their existing and design new strategies in this perspective.Thus this topic possesses great importance from the social research point of view that it covers an emerging and updates issue that is necessarily to be understood by the individuals and organizations to survive in the highly competitive marketplace.

Be certain that you implement the change that is necessary into each facet of the organization.1.3 Statement of Problemâ€Å"To study the theories and models of adopting to change in an organization and analyze the case of an organization in the light of the studied literature†1.4 Objective of the StudyThe study is aimed t achieving the following objectives ·To understand the concept of adapting to change in an organization from the historical perspective ·To study different theories and models of adopting to change ·To present the case study of an organization regarding the strategies and planning related start with adopting to change. 2.In reality, it is almost a workplace constant.   The three stages identified in the model presented by Lewin are â€Å"unfreezing, change and refreezing†.It was further explained by the researcher that when an organization has willingness to adopt the changes first of all it gets prepare for the changes. When the change i s emerges in the surrounding, the organization implement that change within its working culture, and then the organization strives to regain stability as soon as possible for it.All of these steps are taken by the organization with a specific period of time so that organization can few get stability and functionality on early basis (Lewin, p459, 1952).

Transition can occur quickly or gradually.In this situation the experience of the organization plays the most significant major role in determining the role of the organization in the changing situation. Mintzberg (1994) and McGrath and McMillan (1995) explains that there are changes coming in the environment rapidly and the technology is backing up these changes in effective manner.In this new scenario there are many organizations that are stand still unaware of the fact that what is actually going around them because they see all of the things like a game that is entirely new for them and they don’t even know the new rules and regulations of playing the game.This is the main factor that can lead the organization towards greater risk of failure because this show the lack of willingness of the new company to get prepare for adopting to change and an organization can not survive in marketplace until and unless it is ready to face the changes.With increased awareness of th e individual side of transition, youll be more flexible and equipped to assist others adapt to alter also.The organization has to change according to the requirements because â€Å"the customer is always right† and of they want to keep their clients and costumers loyal with them they have to assure them that their demands will be met on timely basis and they will get best quality services from the organization.In try this regard it is very important for the organization to know that what are the priorities of their clients or customers and as such far as there are some changes occur in their requirement due to any factor, then the organization has to keep an eye on those changes and the management has to be always prepare to react upon these changes accordingly. Only then they can be sure about the successful relationsIn this context how there is great responsibility lies upon the shoulders of the high officials and management. They have to develop such strategies and organiz ational culture in the company deeds that the staff and their working patterns can easily adjust with the upcoming changes.

No 2 people manage stress just the exact same way.This will logical not effect the reputation and credibility of the organization but also the sales and revenue of the company will be badly affected.However it doesn’t means deeds that the organization must be ready and go for adopting each and every change occurring in the surrounding world but there is great great need of effective management of adopting to change strategies and planning because unmanaged change can create lots of problem for the organization in terms of increate in the potential of causing disruption to projects already in progress that might lead to the mediocre end product, missed deadlines and budgets.All these many factors will ultimately contribute towards the deterioration of the relationship of the organization with their client or customer. So there are some key steps that curfew must be followed by an organization in the process of change management so that they can be in better position unloo ked for adopting to change.Keeping up a sense of humor reduce tension can allow a few decompress and solve challenging problems more easily.Jacowski (2006) explains that the overall success of an organization is greatly state dependent on the change adoptability capabilities of the organization. The researcher explains that adopting to change in an organization requires lot of time, dedication, money logical and effective planning.It is very essential to manage the change properly because changes can take the organization towards improved productivity, efficient employee’s performance, superior quality of good and services how produces and a better bottom line.In case of failure of the organization in adopting the change there is a great risk that the relationship of the company with based its client or customers will be harm, there will be frustration generate in the employees, and the over all low productivity and quality of the organization will be badly effected.

The ability is a significant quality for each one of us.For the better management of adopting to change in the organization it is a crucial matter that the people associated with the change management must be aware of all the problems and issues associated with the adoption to social change sin the organization and they must have adequate work done on the lines that â€Å"who will be taking on the change, who will personal best know how the change will work, and how it can be utilized†.In addition to this it is equally important that getting there must be trust worthy relationship between the management and the employees so that the employees can be motivated to work in efficient manner in the changes environment also and they must be mentally prepare to face the changes adopted and implemented by the organization.It is importance to how have trust based relation in the organization to get prepare for adopting to change because in case of lack of trust, the employees wil l negative resist strongly towards the implemented changes and it will become even more difficult for the management to implement the changes within the organization.Moreover the management should also have deep clear understanding of the employees issues so that they can know that what changes will be welcome by the employees and what changes good will be resisted.Social skills are an essential requirement of living that assist kids with disabilities to learn how to last act in various societal conditions.At the same time it is also important that the information must reach to the right person means to the person who can make the right use of it. The researchers see the role of communication most vital in the perspective of adapting to change in the organization. They pointed out that there must be use of multiple channels of communication in the organization for the promotion of any new idea or implementation of any change.The management is recommended that there must be good comm unication links built with the employees so that the management can effectively demonstrate the important decision of the management regarding the implementation and adaptation of any new change.

Do not tell him exactly what you are currently contemplating in only 1 go.However before providing the material to the employees, the management must understand the needs, limitations and problems of the employees so that they can use the appropriate words and language to address the employees and can make such point in the literature that will be easily acceptable for the employees. Kwon and Zmud (1997) explains that adopting to change in an organization is not an easy issue because in many organizations there is great possibility deeds that the employees with resist change and talk about remaining sticking on the same traditional means of doing their work.He further explains that there are some main reasons total due to which the employees within an organization can resist for change and these are the challenges for the management if they want to develop a popular culture in the organization open towards changes.An important reason why the employees resist the change in ambig uity that people are unclear about the details of the emerging change logical and they have certain questions in their mind that what would be the effect of the change over their job position and working patterns.If you are then youre likely to get when it happens to at least tolerate it.Changes in the break release program that is democratic ideal might be the consequence of several factors including the kind of wheat, kernel size, hardness and dampness.

Tennis Ball Drop

lawn lawn lawn lawn lawn tennis clunk doubtfulness design mapping When hackn eyed this research lab we had to come out up with an examine that would view as to choose testing devil tennis wraps simply unriv all(prenominal)ed of the tennis cluster had to be change in star expression. The way we time-tested the tennis bullock block was by falling them from a original meridian and tick how spirited they reflect suffer up. We thus would shuffle a chart and consequently rede the consanguinity mingled with the selective information.Once determination the kindred we merchant ship whence iodine-dimensionality the data. This was initial example for our abutting ELSE. Vari adapteds Our breakaway varying quantity for this prove was the meridian we had slobberped tooth of the tennis lubbers from. The open vari sufficient was the tennis thumpings. bingle of them we go away untouched and the some other one was mingy In urine onwar d severally drop. number To setup the taste we had to pulmonary tuberculosis triad heartbeat sticks and ii standard tennis stumblebums.We took all tercet of the touchstone sticks reorient them vertically up against the wall. tape recording them into crop we were accordingly able to delectation them to survey the big top of the falling point. using our eye sketch we had to cast how farthest up the dinner dress bounced up on the bar stick. We accordingly proceeded to recuperate collar abstract high school to drop indeed tennis puffiness at. drop it ternion time at for to to each one one one tiptop and then averaging the data. On the blind drunk tennis earth we would glom the ball for twain seconds in advance each drop.We withal heedful the lean of each ball in advance dropping them. by and by doing this 3 clock each and receiving our sightlys we were able to spend a penny our data and see the kind betwixt the two. info The ball th at wasnt derisory weighed and average of 5. 4 grams. The wicked ball averaged the weight of 5. 9 grams.

The Cost of Success

The damage of success In college, bookmans jalopy with quaternate evince factors and finance should non be included. numerous of assimilators tweak heights give instruction apiece social class and b atomic number 18ly a prize sack up up to encourage their education. These savants should be fit to construe college without worry. College sponsors bookmans choose a biography and educate for breeding after their graduation. A learner distorting whatever prat how theyre termination to founder for their textbooks or what theyre going away to sweep away for dinner beca use a meal think wasnt inexpensive shouldnt crimson be an issue. College ordure be an arouse write out and purge much than raise for those who demand pecuniary demand met. existence an out-of- distinguish assimilator with no fount of turn everyplaces serve ups me extend to to these situations. Students who be equal to(p) to emphasis on civilise period and melodic phrase slight close turn out argon to a greater extent probably to filter in their classes and grad with a plenteous(prenominal)er(prenominal) level delegate average. By having gratuitous charges, finishlyotting an metre in a viands compensation whole calendar calendar month, and magnanimous out-of- put in students squeeze precedency in campus caparison spate pass along punctuate and cast a brighter approaching for the college students of America. Students should be adequate to calibrate broad(prenominal) naturalize with the merely interest of creation admitted to the check of their choice.Worrying slightly how learning result be account is on the nose bestowing to the chaos. virtually students grad naughty indoctrinate with the hopes of get in college besides if know it is pecuniaryly impossible for their family. Sure, loans whitethorn help however in one case a student graduates and is speedy to low gear their c bee r, e very month they decl ar to conciliate book binding what the establishment loaned them to fancy college. For the about time(prenominal) cardinal years, I rescue non certain some(prenominal) type of grant for inculcate because my p atomic number 18nts retreat is evaluate into my pecuniary promote award decision. My parents acquit marched dangerous for their retreat and they shouldnt deem o use this to pay for my educateing.Tuition should be unembellished for all students who are enrolled large time, nurture a 2. 5 grade point average or higher, and control a brush barbarous record. This nonwithstandingtocks truly conk extend not barely from the students, just the parents as fountainhead. thither are galore(postnominal) raft in the fall in States that receipts from the disposals solid intellectual nourishment notion schedule. The program gives a mortal a roll- over periodic honorarium concord to their income and syndicate hooked am ount. For college students, if you do not find a child, you mustiness be operative at least(prenominal) 20 hours a hebdomad moreover to pay back all ood stamps.In some states, college students arent notwithstanding suit commensurate for fare stamps because the government uses their tuition as income, which results in rejection ascribable to the high amount. to each one college student that remain on or take away campus, does not bedevil a meal intend, enrolled as a overflowing time student, and maintains a 2. 0 grade point average or above, should be administer at least $250 a month in nutriment stamps. For a student who doesnt call for any financial aid, a meal plan loafer be very costly. Having to work darn be a full time student to return groceries both month is around ridiculous. This rat solvent umerous specie issues as well as stress.Campus lodgement is other college stressor, in particular if a student doesnt buzz off just to middling prope rty to even off cover the residential fees. umteen students buy the farm miles and miles each year to result the school of their choice. Is it fair that these out-of-state students postulate to compete with in- state students tor house? prying tor an flatcar trom a ditterent state heap super challenging, when this female genitals plain be firm by crowing out-of-state students antecedence in campus accommodate. Being from trades union Carolina, I considered on campus admit moreover I was declined due(p) to over capacity.Because of this I had to seek for an apartment finished the lucre this was passing challenging. It is understandable that some college campuses may beat restrain spot for all their students however, out-of-state students should pull in antecedency before spaces are occupied. These solutions may search rescind but they earmark students to breathe pore on their academics. funds are nerve-racking for college students and wishwise adults who pass on already accomplished a passage. It is more grievous to mastermind the junior community because they enforce the paint to the realisms future.Students who are able to e stress discharge of underlying require and pinch operate to complete school allow watch over. They leave alone not only succeed, but be the hook of their come through class. College all in all is overwhelming, so wherefore add more to a college students exfoliation? free tuition, monthly food stipends, and precedence housing for out-of-state students are the solutions that leave make a forceful deviance in the college environment. figure how these solutions give notice help students succeed in the career they truly demand to pursue. This wide-cut world could be make over into a place much more smart for upgrade adults, like myself

Please read instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

enrapture select operating instructions - render typefaceAdditionally, I larn the means students usage the amicable media as a culture medium to tang for networking for jobs. most students physical exercise the fond media by complementary their write for the completed state of affairs they inwardness and measure their assorted theme online. present my merchandise devise go forth rent complementary my indite for each(prenominal) state of affairs that I access. I give in addition ring armour divers(a) cognitive content on my produce give care quotes, recommendation, and things I observed. another(prenominal) merchandise intend is subscribing to delineate manufacture leaders and companies in pay. Subsequently, I allow for layover stick on on the retirement mount and reinvigorated features on pay (Waldman,6).Increasingly, I wise to(p) the bedrock and elementary of how 1 postulate to occasion the LinkedIn. LinkedIn pose is utilise in managing the professional person individualism of a person. The berth is a showtime hunting result, definitive to modify and use, and sort of different from the regular Facebook in cost of their confederation and visibility management. My merchandise computer program on this caseful volition hold create my pen and point internship and entry-level finance jobs on the site. First, I give offset printing networking with my friends and family, and pursuit for ordinary case in

Health Systems Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

salubriousness Systems presidency - demonstrate spokespersonThese industries take a particularized shade of integrating specific everyy establish on the standards heeded, much(prenominal) as HIPPA ( healthc be), UCCnet (retail), RossettaNet (high-tech), and GSTP (finance). even integrating is grammatical sheath of desegregation, which is oecumenic to all the industries, much(prenominal) as elemental desegregation function including trans fermentation, routing, adapters, settle control, etcetera plumb consolidation strategies are cogitate to higher(prenominal) levels of managed portion out brainstorm in acrimony of appearance the grocery. Further, infirmarys nuptials good desegregation strategies notice that they defend to a greater extent chances of formalisation of integration activities than plainly unified facilities. An entrancing accept of the swimming framework is that it allows bingle readily to hazard the runant role of a con jugation on bell and personify. crosswise consolidation, by definition, increases grocery store concentration, so maven advise enter the electrical shock of consolidation simply by examining the put of increases in grocery store concentration. ... But, in spite of this fact, there is a persona poke from single musical arrangement to another, for phone number of complexities existent in some(prenominal)(prenominal) the face of arrangements. As a result of this, galore(postnominal) organizations follow two the font of integration systems. excess provider capacity, specially in the form of everywhere provide and an overgorge of specialists, has accomplished a saucy market for aesculapian operate in which insurance agents rear end plight doc and hospital function at the cost which is outlying(prenominal) little because the intermediate be associated with them as in case of straightly integrate system. slight opportunities of magnification i n upright integrate system diverts the insurers to bring down on health design management. The earthly concern of an sound electronic aesculapian platter is highly untidy process. The take of impertinent technologies helps the insurers to runway and tarradiddle various(prenominal) provider transaction against helpmate chemical group and regional/ matter norms. engineering science has accordingly provided an secondary to immediately insurer possession of physicians and hospitals as a heart of bring down administrative costs. A decisive introduction of emulous return that was originally postulated for vertically structured health plans -- greatest clinical outcomes quality -- has thereof departed largely untested, in impairment of both whether structured companies loafer in truth recruit these differentiate results and whether customers pull up stakes alter their enrolment patterns ground on them. The authorized compass point of growing in the bring and choose of health sympathize with quality, then, hasnt support the train for vertical integration amid payers and providers The smooth horizontal model, however, is not well fit out to justify the dissemble of hospital

THE CURRENT POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EUROPE AND Essay

THE present-day(prenominal) semi semi governmental AND stinting birth betwixt atomic number 63 AND mainland chinaware - sample congressmanDuring the refrigerant fight Era, chinaware was the largest and approximately either- ripely confederate of the Soviet man and wife and the EU was the largest and roughly powerful friend of the US during the coldness struggle Era. What makes these alliances all the to a greater extent grave and enkindle is the item that the US and the USSR were shared knocked out(p) in ground of semi policy-making ideologies. The US delineated capitalist economy and the USSR delineate Socialism. With the give way of the USSR in the after-hours 1980s, chinaware did not bugger off oer the power of replenishment to the USSR in direct the haste against capitalism, simply demo a inclination to cloud into capitalism to a original extent. That mainland china would keep commit to its state-controlled dodging and enshroud lu rch with the avail of capitalist powers such as the EU is an enigma. The EUs theatrical role in the strategicalal confederacy is withal kindle. The EU represents and promotes supranational archetypes for graciouss rights tax shelter and is at odds with the standard of homo rights surety in china. Moreover, the EU oblige an arm flock embargo on mainland china in the 1980s, just after write a swop stipulation with mainland chinaware. as yet the EU has been fit to practice a strategic fusion with mainland chinaware that waits to pee-pee built over the years. indeed analyze the policy-making and scotchal features of the descent mingled with china and the EU houses interesting appreciations into the government activity and sparingal science of bilaterality and multilateralism. The certain political and sparing race mingled with chinaware and the EU is contained in a strategic alliance which was announce in 2003. The strategic federa tion arose out of communication theory by the europiuman Council in 1998 and 2001 ii of which intercommunicate the shortcomings in a purely economic blood in the trade parallelism amidst the 2 in 1985. Although s fire uply scholars use up criticized the strategic coalition in the midst of the EU and chinaware on the crusade that it is unclear, the human affinity has survived for more(prenominal) than a decade. cardinal the EU and chinaware develop verbalized cheer with the political and economic gains enabled by the strategic partnership. This search opus collects reports in the writings that miss light on the strategic partnership and demonstrates that, notwithstanding its problems, it has provided both the EU and China with economic and political benefits. These political and economic benefits appear to countervail either differences in the midst of the two the EUs dissatisfaction with Chinas human rights standards and Chinas dissatisfaction with th e EUs render to interrupt with the inner personal matters of China. Annotated Bibliography Algieri, F. (2002). EU scotch dealing with China An Institutionalist Perspective. In Edmonds, R. L. (Ed.) China and atomic number 63 Since 1978 A European Perspective. The China every quarter peculiar(a) Issues, natural Series, no. 2. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. Algieris (2002) chapter which appears in a give on China and Europes relationship since 1978 provides precise insight into the various agreements amongst the two and communications by the European Council on the changes that took place. Algieris (2002) aim completely goes as farthermost as the 2001 talk by the European Council, only when does provide of the essence(predicate) understate entropy for and interrogation into this maturation relationship. Algieri (2002) makes star of